Understanding Bipolar Disorder: A Guide for Clients and Their Loved Ones

We live in a time where a plethora of information is available at the click of your keyboard. Often this information is confusing, complicated and contradictory. This article is intended to simplify the varied information surrounding Bipolar Disorder and, hopefully, help you become more informed.

Bipolar disorder is a complex mental health condition that affects mood, energy levels and daily functioning. As therapists, we often see clients struggling with the unpredictability of their emotions, feeling misunderstood or unsure of how to regain stability. Whether you’ve been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, suspect you might have it or are supporting someone who does, understanding the condition is the first step toward managing it effectively.

What Is Bipolar Disorder?

Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder characterised by extreme shifts in mood, energy and activity levels. These shifts can impact relationships, work and daily life. It’s not just about having “good days” and “bad days”—it involves episodes of mania, hypomania and depression that can last for days, weeks, or even months.

Types of Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is categorised into different types, each with distinct patterns of mood episodes:

1. Bipolar I Disorder – Characterised by at least one manic episode, which may be followed by depressive episodes. Mania can be severe and sometimes require hospitalisation.

2. Bipolar II Disorder – Involves hypomanic episodes (less severe than full-blown mania) and major depressive episodes. Hypomania can still cause disruption but may not be as obvious as mania

3. Cyclothymic Disorder (Cyclothymia) – A milder but chronic form of bipolar disorder with frequent mood fluctuations that don’t meet the full criteria for major depressive or manic episodes.

4. Other Specified and Unspecified Bipolar Disorders – Mood disturbances that don’t fit neatly into the above categories but still involve significant mood instability.

Common Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder

Understanding the signs of bipolar disorder can help individuals seek appropriate support and treatment:

Manic or Hypomanic Symptoms

• Increased energy, restlessness, or euphoria

• Decreased need for sleep (feeling rested after only a few hours)

• Racing thoughts, rapid speech, or jumping between ideas

• Impulsivity, risk-taking behaviour, or poor decision-making

• Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity

• Increased goal-directed activity (starting multiple projects but not finishing them)

• Irritability or agitation

Depressive Symptoms

• Persistent sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness

• Fatigue or lack of energy

• Difficulty concentrating or making decisions

• Sleep disturbances (insomnia or oversleeping)

• Loss of interest in activities once enjoyed

• Changes in appetite or weight

• Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or thoughts of self-harm

What Causes Bipolar Disorder?

While the exact cause of bipolar disorder isn’t fully understood, research suggests a combination of factors, including:

• Genetics – A family history of bipolar disorder can increase the risk.

• Brain Chemistry – Neurotransmitter imbalances play a role in mood regulation.

• Environmental Triggers – Stressful life events, trauma, or substance use can contribute to mood episodes.

How Is Bipolar Disorder Treated?

Managing bipolar disorder often requires a combination of treatments tailored to each individual:

• Medication – Mood stabilisers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants may be prescribed to help regulate mood swings.

• Psychotherapy – Therapy can provide tools to manage symptoms, build resilience, and develop healthier coping strategies.

• Lifestyle Adjustments – Regular sleep, balanced nutrition, and exercise can support overall well-being.

• Support System – Family, friends, and support groups play a crucial role in helping individuals navigate their condition.

How Therapy Can Help

As therapists, we work with individuals to:

• Identify early warning signs of mood episodes

• Develop coping strategies to manage stress and emotional triggers

• Strengthen relationships and communication skills

• Address co-occurring challenges such as anxiety, trauma, or substance use

• Create a personalised plan for long-term stability and wellness

Finding Support for Bipolar Disorder

If you or a loved one is experiencing symptoms of bipolar disorder, seeking professional help is an important step. With the right support, individuals with bipolar disorder can lead fulfilling, stable lives. Therapy, combined with medical treatment and lifestyle adjustments, offers a path toward better mood management and emotional well-being.